Seamus Hammond
Why art thou such incensed? is a phrase that carries a lot of weight and emotion. The word “incense” means to arouse extreme anger or indignation, and is often used in archaic or Shakespearean English to convey a sense of fury or outrage. In modern terms, one might ask, Why are you so angry? This phrase is a powerful way to express intense emotion and has been used in various contexts, including Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, where Juliet agonizes over Romeo's identity, and in religious texts such as Psalms and discussions of God's understanding of human suffering in the book of Job.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Meaning | An expression of anger or indignation |
| Synonyms | Indignant, furious, angry, exasperated, outraged, irate, wroth, enraged, infuriated, smelt, angered |
| Origin | Middle English or Shakespearian English |
| Translation | How are you? |
| Use | Addressed to a single person the speaker knows well or is of inferior social status |
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What You'll Learn
The meaning of 'incensed' in the excerpt from Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
In the excerpt from Jonathan Edwards' sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God", the phrase "why art thou such incensed" refers to the anger and wrath of God towards sinners. The word "incensed" here means enraged, furious, or angry. Edwards uses vivid and terrifying imagery to describe the fate of those who do not follow Christ, emphasizing the danger and urgency of their situation. He portrays sinners as hanging over a bottomless pit of hellfire, held back only by the arbitrary will and forbearance of an angry God.
The sermon reflects the complicated religious background of eighteenth-century America, influenced by Calvinist theology and Newtonian physics. Edwards' aim was to teach his listeners about the horrors of Hell, the dangers of sin, and the urgent need for salvation through Jesus Christ. The "incensed" anger of God in the excerpt highlights the severity of God's wrath towards sinners, who are described as deserving of the torments of Hell.
Edwards scholar John E. Smith notes that despite the apparent pessimism of the notion of an angry God, that pessimism is "overcome by the comforting hope of salvation through a triumphant, loving savior." The sermon's message is not solely negative, and its success has been attributed to its final passages, where sinners are ultimately "comforted". The excerpt's reference to God's "incensed" anger emphasizes the sermon's theme of God's wrath and the precarious position of sinners.
The use of "thou" in the phrase "why art thou such incensed" is an archaic form of address, used in ecclesiastical or literary language, and indicates a formal or respectful tone. The phrase "why art thou" can be interpreted as "why are you," with "art" being a form of the verb "to be." So, "why art thou such incensed" could be rendered in modern English as "why are you so angry."
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Synonyms and antonyms of 'incensed'
The word "incensed" means to be filled with extreme anger or indignation. It can also mean to cause a passion or emotion to become aroused. Here are some synonyms and antonyms of "incensed" to provide a more comprehensive understanding:
Synonyms
- Indignant
- Furious
- Angry
- Exasperated
- Outraged
- Irate
- Enraged
- Infuriated
- Concerned
Antonyms
While explicit antonyms for "incensed" are not readily available, its antonyms can be inferred from its definition. Words that convey a lack of anger or a state of calmness could be considered antonyms. For example:
- Calm
- Serene
- Unbothered
- Untroubled
- Content
- Apathetic
These antonyms represent the opposite state of emotions compared to being "incensed."
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The meaning of 'how art thou' and 'who art thou'
"How art thou" is a phrase used in Middle English and Shakespearian English to ask "how are you" of a single person. This phrase is used when the speaker knows the person well or when the person is of inferior social status to the speaker. "How" is derived from the Middle English "hou" and the Old English "hū", which are used as adverbs.
"Who art thou" is an older version of the phrase "who are you". It is an example of Early Modern English, used between 1550 and 1750. The word "thou" is an archaic pronoun that is the second-person singular in Middle English and Early Modern English. It was the familiar form, much like "tu" in French. The word "art" is the singular second-person form of "be", and it is also no longer used in modern English.
The phrase "who art thou" is often associated with Shakespearean English and older English literature. It is also used in religious contexts, such as in older translations of the Bible, hymns, and religious writings. In modern English, the phrase is only used for poetic or dramatic effect, or in formal Christian worship.
"Who art thou" can also be interpreted as "whose art is this", referring to a form of art or artistic expression.
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The art of public speaking
The phrase "Why art thou such incensed" is an archaic way of asking, "Why are you so angry?" The word "incensed" means to be enraged, furious, or indignant.
Public speaking is an art form that requires skill and practice. When addressing an audience, it is important to consider the following:
Vocal Production and Delivery:
The tone and projection of your voice are essential. Speak clearly and with confidence, ensuring your volume is adequate for the entire audience to hear. Vary your pitch and pace to maintain interest and emphasize key points.
Gestures and Body Language:
Use hand gestures purposefully to emphasize your words and aid in storytelling. Ensure your body language is open and confident, with good posture and relaxed movements. Avoid crossing your arms or putting your hands in your pockets, as this may appear closed off or nervous.
Eye Contact and Connection:
Make eye contact with your audience to build a connection and engage them in your speech. Move your gaze around the room, ensuring you include everyone. A skilled public speaker can use eye contact to identify how their speech is being received and make adjustments as necessary.
Content and Structure:
Plan your speech with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Ensure your content is well-organized and easy to follow. Use anecdotes, examples, and storytelling techniques to make your speech memorable and engaging.
Engage Your Audience:
Public speaking is a performance, and it is important to capture and maintain your audience's attention. Use appropriate humour, rhetorical questions, and varying tones to keep your audience interested. If appropriate, interact with your audience through polls, Q&A sessions, or other interactive elements.
Practice and Confidence:
Confidence comes with preparation and practice. Rehearse your speech, but avoid over-rehearsal, which may make your delivery seem robotic. Practice in front of a mirror, focusing on your gestures and facial expressions, and record yourself to refine your delivery.
In conclusion, effective public speaking involves a combination of vocal techniques, body language, and audience engagement. By mastering these skills, you can deliver compelling speeches that inform, inspire, and influence your audience.
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The art of identifying employment arrangements
For job seekers, it is essential to recognize the nature of the job being offered. Is it a permanent, full-time position, or is it a temporary contract with a fixed term? Are there opportunities for career progression and development within the role, and what benefits and protections are offered? By understanding the terms of employment, job seekers can make informed decisions about their careers and avoid potential pitfalls.
Those offering jobs must also be skilled in identifying employment arrangements. This includes understanding the specific needs of the business, the type of talent required, and the ability to craft job descriptions that attract the right candidates. They must also be aware of employment laws and regulations to ensure compliance and avoid legal repercussions.
To master this art, job seekers should research companies, understand their long-term goals, and ask insightful questions during the recruitment process. Employers, on the other hand, should be transparent about expectations, provide comprehensive job descriptions, and be open to negotiating terms to attract the best talent. Ultimately, the art of identifying employment arrangements is about finding the perfect match between the needs of the organization and the aspirations of the individual.
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Frequently asked questions
The phrase 'Why art thou' is an old English way of saying 'Why are you'. Therefore, 'Why art thou such incensed' means 'Why are you so angry'.
Some synonyms for incensed include indignant, furious, angry, exasperated, outraged, irate, wroth, enraged, infuriated, and angered.
In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Juliet says, "Wherefore art thou Romeo", meaning "Why are you Romeo". Juliet is agonized to think that Romeo is a Montague, and wishes he were from another tribe.
