Why Do Fragrance Oils Burn Out In Candles?

When making candles, it is important to consider the type of oil you are using as this can impact the candle's scent, safety, and performance. Fragrance oils, also known as synthetic oils, are often preferred over essential oils due to their stronger and longer-lasting scent, cost-effectiveness, and wider variety of scents. However, one concern when using fragrance oils is whether they can burn out or cause the candle to burn poorly.

The ideal temperature for adding fragrance oils to candle wax

Adding fragrance oil at the right temperature is crucial for making a candle with a strong and consistent scent. The ideal temperature range for adding fragrance oils to candle wax is 180°F to 200°F (85°C to 93°C). This range ensures that the fragrance oil binds effectively with the wax, resulting in a stronger scent throw.

Different types of wax have slightly different ideal temperature ranges. For soy wax and paraffin wax, the recommended temperature is around 180°F to 185°F. This temperature allows the fragrance oil to mix thoroughly with the wax, creating a consistent scent throughout the candle. However, it is important not to heat soy wax above 190°F for an extended period, as it can compromise the integrity of the wax and affect the candle's performance.

For palm wax, the ideal temperature range is slightly higher, at 200°F to 205°F. This higher temperature ensures that the fragrance oil binds properly with the palm wax, which has a higher melting point compared to soy or paraffin wax.

It is important to note that the temperature of the wax should be monitored throughout the candle-making process. Using a thermometer can help ensure that the wax is at the correct temperature before adding the fragrance oil. Additionally, stirring the mixture for too long after adding the fragrance oil can cause the oil to settle at the bottom of the wax, resulting in a weak scent throw.

The temperature range for adding fragrance oil is essential for safety reasons as well. If the fragrance oil is added when the wax is too cold, it may not mix properly, creating flammable pockets of oil within the candle. On the other hand, adding the oil when the wax is too hot can cause the fragrance to evaporate too quickly or separate from the wax, affecting the candle's scent and performance.

The difference between essential oils and fragrance oils

When making candles, it is important to know the differences between fragrance oils and essential oils. Both can be used to create a scented candle, but they have distinct qualities that will affect the candle-making process and the end product.

The primary difference between fragrance oils and essential oils lies in their source and composition. Fragrance oils are synthetic, manufactured in a laboratory, and crafted with chemical compounds. They are designed to create a long-lasting "scent throw" and are ideal for candle-making, perfumes, soaps, and other scented products. Natural fragrance oils are made by isolating or combining naturally-derived aromatic raw materials. Synthetic fragrance oils, on the other hand, use artificial chemicals to recreate scents that cannot be derived from nature, such as most fruity notes and scents like amber, vanilla, and chocolate.

Essential oils, on the other hand, are pure and natural extracts obtained directly from plants and other natural sources. They are typically produced through distillation with water or steam, capturing the plant's distinctive aroma or "essence". However, not all plants can produce essential oils due to distillation limitations or the prohibitive amount of plant material required. Essential oils are more volatile, with a lower boiling point, and they evaporate more quickly when exposed to heat. This makes them less suitable for candle-making as they can be extremely flammable, and some may even become toxic when burned.

In terms of aroma, essential oils offer authentic and genuine scents, capturing the essence of nature's botanicals. Each essential oil has a unique scent depending on its plant source. Fragrance oils, while offering a diverse range of delightful scents, may lack the same level of authenticity as they are synthetic.

Another key distinction is the therapeutic benefits associated with essential oils. Many essential oils possess properties that promote well-being, relaxation, and enhanced mood. For example, lavender is known for its calming effects, while eucalyptus is valued for its respiratory benefits. Fragrance oils, while providing pleasant fragrances, typically lack these therapeutic advantages.

When choosing between fragrance oils and essential oils for candle-making, consider your intentions and desired candle experience. If you seek a natural and therapeutic experience, opt for essential oils. However, if you prioritise a diverse range of scents to create a pleasant ambiance, fragrance oils might be a better choice.

The safety of fragrance oils

Fragrance oils are synthetic oils developed for their scent, for use in candles and body products. They are produced from man-made materials such as petrochemicals (petroleum-based chemicals).

When used as directed, fragrance oils are considered safe to work with and enjoy. However, it is important to note that fragrance oils contain ingredients that have been flagged as potentially toxic or hazardous in large quantities or as raw materials. Therefore, it is recommended to always work with fragrance oils in a well-ventilated area and to wear protective equipment like eye goggles and gloves.

In candle-making, it is crucial to add fragrance oils at the right temperature to help them bind to the wax, resulting in a stronger scent throw. For soy and paraffin wax, the recommended temperature is 180-185°F, while for palm wax, it is 200-205°F.

While fragrance oils are generally considered safe for candles, it is important to purchase from reputable suppliers who prioritize safety and adhere to industry standards. One such example is CandleScience, which has developed its own set of safety standards called CandleScience Clean Scents, ensuring their fragrance oils are free of carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and other concerning chemicals.

In summary, when used correctly and purchased from reputable sources, fragrance oils can be safely used to create scented candles. However, it is important to prioritize proper handling procedures and choose suppliers that adhere to strict safety standards.

The best wax for fragrance oil candles

There are many types of waxes available for candle-making, including beeswax, soy wax, paraffin wax, gel, palm wax, coconut wax, rapeseed wax, and blended wax. The best wax for fragrance oil candles depends on the type of candle you want to make and its intended use.

Paraffin wax

Paraffin wax is the most widely used and inexpensive of all the waxes for candle-making. It is a mineral wax and a byproduct of petroleum. It holds colour and scent well, making it a good choice for highly saturated coloured candles and fragrance oil candles. Paraffin wax is also suitable for making various candle types, from containers to pillar candles. It is considered the best wax for achieving a strong fragrance and is often used in luxury candles. However, it releases soot when burned, which has raised concerns about its environmental impact. Paraffin wax is also associated with smoke and soot, but a well-made paraffin candle should not produce much soot.

Soy wax

Soy wax is a 100% natural wax made from soybeans, a renewable source. It is a vegetable wax that has a higher melting point and slower burn time, resulting in longer-lasting candles. Soy wax is easy to work with, requiring less heat to melt and easier to clean up, making it a good choice for beginners. It is best used for making container candles, such as jars, tins, or teacup candles, and it is also a good scent carrier. Soy wax is more expensive than paraffin wax but burns slower.

Beeswax

Beeswax is a natural and eco-friendly wax that has been popular for candle-making for centuries. It has a subtle honey scent and a signature golden colour. Beeswax candles have the longest burn time and produce a warm-toned flame that doesn't give off any smoke, making them beneficial for both your home and the environment. Beeswax is well-suited for pillar and taper candles as it doesn't drip much, making it a good option for candle holders and wreaths. However, its natural scent can be disruptive when mixed with essential or fragrance oils, making it less ideal for scented candles.

Coconut wax

Coconut wax is a natural, renewable, eco-friendly, and vegan wax choice. It is harvested from coconuts and does not contain any extra chemicals. It is usually mixed with soy or beeswax to create a solid form suitable for candles. Coconut wax holds fragrances and colours well, making it a good option for decorative candles. However, it can be more expensive than other types of wax.

Rapeseed wax

Rapeseed wax is a relatively new option for candle-making, derived from the oil extracted from flowers. It is a natural, vegan, biodegradable, and sustainable wax. Rapeseed wax is sourced from parts of Europe with strict regulations, ensuring it is not linked to the overuse of pesticides or deforestation. It is a slow-burning wax that usually lasts longer than paraffin candles and produces minimal soot. It has a good scent throw and works well in container blends.

Palm wax

Palm wax has become a popular choice for candle-making in recent years due to its clean-burning and eco-friendly nature. It is a strong, firm, and durable wax, making it suitable for free-standing candles. Palm wax carries scent well and is more expensive compared to other waxes, but it produces high-quality candles with a long burn time.

Blended wax

Blended waxes allow candle-makers to combine the benefits of two or more waxes, such as a good scent and a full melt pool. Wax blending can also create a more eco-friendly option. For example, a popular blend is 70-80% vegetable wax and 20-30% paraffin wax, resulting in a more natural finish while reducing the vegetable wax's triglyceride content to prevent polymorphism (frosting and pitting).

Common mistakes when making candles with fragrance oils

Candle-making can be a tricky business, and adding fragrance oils introduces a number of potential pitfalls. Here are some of the most common mistakes to avoid when making candles with fragrance oils:

Overheating or Underheating Wax

Getting the temperature right is crucial. Overheating the wax can cause it to discolour or even burn, while underheating might lead to poor scent distribution. Always use a thermometer and follow the recommended temperatures for your wax type. The best temperature to add fragrance oils to candle wax varies:

• For soy wax, aim for around 180-185°F (85°C)
• For paraffin wax, go for about 200-205°F (93°C)
• For beeswax, heat to around 145°F (63°C)

Using the Wrong Amount of Fragrance Oil

The standard fragrance load is 6%, although some waxes can hold up to 12%. Adding too much fragrance can cause candles to self-extinguish or not burn properly. Excess fragrance can also settle at the bottom of the candle, resulting in an uneven scent distribution. Conversely, using too little fragrance leads to insufficient scent throw, making the candle less appealing. To avoid these issues, precise measurement of fragrance oil is critical. A good rule of thumb is to use about 1 ounce of fragrance oil per pound of wax.

Improper Wick Placement

A crooked or off-center wick can cause uneven burning. Make sure to centre your wick before pouring the wax. Using wick holders or the pencil method can help keep wicks in place.

Using the Same Wick Size for Every Scent

The size of the wick should be adjusted based on several factors, including the candle’s diameter, the type of wax used, and the content of fragrance or essential oil. A common misconception is that the scent of the candle primarily determines the wick size. However, while scent plays a role, it’s the combination of all factors that determines the best type of wick and optimal wick size.

Burning the Candle Before Curing Completes

Candles require a minimum of 48 hours to 1-2 weeks to cure fully. This time frame allows the fragrance to bond properly with the wax, resulting in a better scent throw. Ignoring this essential step can result in a weak scent throw, or the scent disappearing quickly after the candle is lit. Patience is key in the art of candle making. To avoid this mistake, keep your newly made candles in a cool, dark place and resist the temptation to light them before the curing process is complete.

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