The Perfect Scent: Choosing Fragrances For Your Candles

Scented candles are extremely popular, with an estimated 75 to 80 percent of candles sold in the U.S. containing fragrance. Candle-makers can choose from thousands of aroma chemicals and essential oils to create unique, pleasant scents for their products. The process of adding fragrance to candles involves careful testing and monitoring to ensure the candle burns safely and effectively. The type of wax and fragrance flashpoint are important considerations, as well as the ratio of fragrance to wax. With the right combination of ingredients and techniques, candle-makers can create delightful scented candles that enhance any space.

Characteristics and Values of Fragrances for Candles

Natural vs synthetic fragrances

Natural fragrances are produced using all-natural byproducts, such as organic matter and plants. They are fully natural, meaning they can be found in nature. However, natural fragrances are not necessarily healthy or non-toxic. Even natural oils can cause irritation, photosensitivity, or trigger various reactions.

Synthetic fragrances, on the other hand, are derived from chemicals and petroleum byproducts. They are man-made and not of natural origin. While some synthetic fragrances contain toxins like phthalates and parabens, they are not all bad. Synthetic fragrances can be safer and more sustainable than natural fragrances. For example, the production of natural fragrances like oud and vanilla bean can contribute to deforestation and require a lot of water. Synthetic fragrances can also offer a cleaner burn and be more hypoallergenic and sensitive to the skin.

The majority of scents fall somewhere in the middle and are considered semi-synthetic. These fragrances are usually artificially modified and contain a combination of synthetic and natural ingredients. When creating fragrances, both synthetic and natural ingredients are important to the process, and it is recommended to use whatever is the most sustainable for the planet and our bodies.

When choosing a fragrance for a candle, it is important to consider the flashpoint, which is the temperature at which the fragrance oil becomes combustible. The lower the flashpoint, the faster it will catch fire. It is recommended to use fragrances with a flashpoint above 175ºF for gel candles. Most waxes will not hold more than 12% fragrance, with store-bought candles containing an average of 6% fragrance and premium candles containing up to 10%.

How to add fragrance to wax

Adding fragrance to wax is a common practice, with 75 to 80% of candles sold in the US being scented. Candle manufacturers work closely with fragrance companies to develop formulations that are pleasing and burn safely. When adding fragrance to wax at home, there are a few things to keep in mind.

Firstly, it is important to select the right type of fragrance. Fragrance oils are synthetically created smells, often used in perfumes, and are an inexpensive way to add scent to candles. Essential oils, on the other hand, are highly concentrated scents produced using plants, leaves, and flowers, offering aromatherapy benefits. It is also possible to use scented cubes as an alternative. When choosing a fragrance oil, check that it is suitable for use in candles, as some are formulated for use in soap or body wash.

Once you have selected your fragrance, the next step is to add it to the wax. Light your candle and let it burn until there is about an inch-deep pool of melted wax around the wick. Then, blow out the candle and add your fragrance. Use an eye-dropper to add 3-4 drops of fragrance oil for a light scent, adding more drops for a richer scent. If using an essential oil, be aware that a little goes a long way, so 3-4 drops may be sufficient. Follow any instructions provided with your chosen fragrance for best results.

After adding the fragrance, use a toothpick or small instrument to slowly stir the wax, starting with small circles close to the wick and working outwards. This helps to evenly distribute the oil. Be thorough but mix slowly to avoid splattering hot wax.

Finally, let the wax cool and harden. This allows the wax to deeply absorb the scent. Once the wax is completely solidified, your scented candle is ready to burn.

Fragrance flashpoint

The flashpoint of a fragrance is the temperature at which it becomes combustible when exposed to a spark or flame. The lower the flashpoint, the faster it can catch on fire. For candle-making, the fragrance flashpoint is important for two reasons. Firstly, it determines the temperature at which you should add the fragrance to the wax. As a general rule, if the fragrance flashpoint is under 130ºF, it should be added to the wax at 130ºF. If the flashpoint is between 130ºF and 180ºF, it should be added to the wax at the fragrance flashpoint. If the flashpoint is above 180ºF, the fragrance should be added to the wax at 180ºF.

Secondly, the flashpoint is important for those making gel candles and for determining shipping methods. For safety reasons, it is recommended to use fragrances with a flashpoint above 170ºF for gel candles. Flashpoints below this temperature may restrict the shipping methods available to you, as it would be a fire hazard. Fragrances with a flashpoint of 141°F or less, for example, cannot be shipped via USPS or UPS 2nd Day Air and must be shipped via UPS ground.

It is important to note that adding fragrance oil to wax that is above the flashpoint will not cause it to combust. As long as the fragrance is at room temperature and there is no flame, there is no cause for concern. Fragrance oils do not degrade in hot waxes, and as long as they do not reach their boiling point, they will not lose their strength or catch fire.

When making scented candles, it is recommended to do your own burn test to ensure the candle is safe. Reputable candle manufacturers only use expertly formulated fragrances that are specifically approved for candle use. These fragrances are safe, high-quality ingredients that are also found in many other consumer products such as perfumes, soaps, lotions, and shampoos.

Essential oils vs fragrance oils

The terms "fragrance oils" and "essential oils" are often used interchangeably to describe various fragrances and blends. However, there are some key differences between the two. Fragrance oils are manufactured in a laboratory, while essential oils are extracted directly from natural sources such as plants, seeds, flowers, leaves, roots, stems, or bark. Essential oils are natural, whereas fragrance oils are synthetic, though they can be made with natural ingredients.

Essential oils have been used for centuries, dating back to the Arabs in their golden age. They are commonly used in medicine, aromatherapy, cooking, and fragrances. However, they are not specifically formulated for combustion and can be toxic when burned. They also tend to have a lower boiling point and evaporate more quickly when exposed to heat, which means that candles made with essential oils will lose their scent more quickly. In addition, essential oils are typically more expensive than fragrance oils, with prices ranging from $5 per ounce to upwards of $20 per ounce for higher-quality oils.

Fragrance oils, on the other hand, are designed specifically for use in candles and other scented products. They produce a stronger, longer-lasting scent and are generally more affordable, especially when purchased in bulk. Fragrance oils can be used to create a wide range of aromas that cannot be achieved with essential oils, such as fresh-baked cookies or a crackling fire. They are also easier to work with and are a great option for beginners.

When choosing between essential oils and fragrance oils for candle-making, it's important to consider the desired scent, cost, and ease of use. While essential oils offer a more natural and environmentally friendly option, fragrance oils provide a stronger and more consistent scent. Reputable candle manufacturers use only approved fragrances specifically designed for candle use to ensure safety and quality.

It is worth noting that the quality of the oil is an important factor, regardless of the type of oil used. High-quality essential oils can be quite pricey, but they yield better results. Similarly, when using fragrance oils, it is recommended to purchase from a reputable supplier rather than opting for cheap, mass-produced oils.

Health and safety considerations

Firstly, it is recommended to conduct a burn test to ensure the candle burns safely and properly. The addition of fragrance can impact the burning behaviour of the candle, and a burn test will help identify any potential issues. The flashpoint of the fragrance oil is a critical factor, as it indicates the temperature at which the oil becomes combustible. It is generally recommended to use fragrances with a flashpoint above 175ºF (80ºC) to minimise the risk of fire hazards.

Secondly, the type of wax used in candle-making can affect health considerations. Natural waxes, such as soy wax, beeswax, or palm wax, are often considered safer alternatives to paraffin wax, which is derived from petroleum. Burning paraffin wax has been associated with the release of potentially harmful chemicals, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phthalates, which can cause headaches, respiratory issues, and other health problems. Natural waxes produce less soot and toxic chemicals, minimising the potential health risks.

Thirdly, ventilation is crucial when burning scented candles. Burning candles, regardless of the type, releases chemicals, and ensuring adequate ventilation can help minimise the potential impact on your health. It is recommended to burn candles in well-ventilated spaces and to ventilate the room after extinguishing the candle. This helps to reduce the build-up of particulate matter and other pollutants released during burning.

Lastly, it is important to consider individual sensitivities and allergies. Some individuals may be more susceptible to the effects of scented candles, and it is essential to be aware of any potential allergy triggers. Symptoms of an allergic reaction to scented candles can include headaches, respiratory issues, and skin irritation. Therefore, it is advisable to test candles in a small, controlled setting before widespread use.

Overall, while scented candles can enhance the ambiance and provide a pleasant fragrance, it is crucial to prioritise health and safety considerations. By conducting thorough testing, using appropriate wax types, ensuring proper ventilation, and being mindful of individual sensitivities, you can minimise potential health risks associated with scented candles.

Frequently asked questions