Cologne For Kids: Safe Or Not?

The use of cologne and perfume by children is a topic of debate among parents and caregivers. While some believe that it is unnecessary and potentially harmful, others argue that it can be a fun and creative way for children to express their individuality. The cultural acceptability of children using fragrances also varies across different parts of the world. In the United States, for instance, most children don't start using fragrances until they are 12 or 13 years old, while in Europe, Latin America, and other scent-forward regions, it is common for children to be introduced to perfumes at a much younger age.

Allergic reactions

Fragrance allergies are a common issue, with over 2 million Americans suffering from them. Fragrance allergies can affect both adults and children, with rates of fragrance allergy in children and adolescents being around 1.8%.

Fragrance allergies are a type of allergic contact dermatitis, a delayed hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in the hours to days after exposure to a fragrance chemical. This reaction occurs after prior sensitisation to the fragrance chemical. Anyone who uses or is exposed to fragranced products can become sensitised to them over time.

The skin is the most common site affected by fragrance allergies, with symptoms including a rash, redness, itchiness, and blistering of the face and skin. However, fragrance allergies can also affect other parts of the body, such as the eyes, causing extreme redness, irritation, tearing, burning, and swelling of the eyelids. In addition, fragrance allergies can trigger respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, a runny nose, nasal congestion, headaches, and even breathing difficulties.

The specific symptoms and severity of a fragrance allergy will vary depending on the individual and the particular fragrance chemical they are allergic to. Identifying the exact fragrance chemical causing the allergy can be challenging, as manufacturers may not list all ingredients, and ingredients can be changed without notice.

To diagnose a fragrance allergy, a detailed patient history is required, along with patch testing to identify the specific allergen. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding the allergen, along with managing the allergic contact dermatitis with topical or systemic steroids and emollients.

In the context of children, it is important to consider the potential risks of exposing them to fragranced products, especially those containing potentially harmful ingredients such as parabens, Phenoxyethanol, and alcohol. While some baby perfumes claim to be hypoallergenic and free from these harmful ingredients, it is always advisable to research and review ingredient labels before using any new product on your child.

The decision to use cologne or perfume on your child is a personal one, and it is essential to weigh the potential benefits against the risks of allergic reactions and other potential health concerns.

Skin irritation

Allergic contact dermatitis is a type of delayed hypersensitivity reaction (type IV) that occurs in hours to days after exposure to an allergen. It presents as a streaky pattern of dermatitis where there has been direct contact with the fragrance. The skin is typically itchy and may also burn and sting. There can be swelling, vesicles, and bullae. With continued exposure to the allergen, the dermatitis may become chronic and the skin may thicken and itch more. The skin can also become secondarily infected with bacteria.

In women, the hands, face, neck, and armpits are most commonly affected by fragrance allergy. In men, the hands, face, lower legs, and armpits are most often affected. Involvement of the armpits is common in both sexes. Other locations affected include the perianal skin if perfumed toilet paper, wet wipes, or haemorrhoid preparations are used.

The most common allergens found in fragrances are balsam of Peru, Fragrance Mix I (FM I), and Fragrance Mix II (FM II). Isoeugenol is the most common positive allergen in Fragrance Mix I, and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (Lyral) in Fragrance Mix II.

A fragrance allergy is typically diagnosed through a detailed patient history and patch testing. Around 10% of those undergoing patch testing are found to have a fragrance allergy. The relevance of a positive patch test should be determined by the distribution of the rash and the products used. A weakly positive patch test can be due to irritation by the fragrance chemical rather than a true contact allergy.

Treatment of fragrance allergy requires identification of the allergen followed by avoidance. This can be challenging because fragrances are ubiquitous, and manufacturers may not list all their ingredients. Treating the allergic contact dermatitis may include the use of a topical steroid, a short tapering course of systemic steroids, and regular use of emollients.

Respiratory issues

While cologne and perfume are generally safe for kids, there are some potential respiratory issues to be aware of.

Firstly, fragrances can irritate the airways, especially for those with asthma or allergies. This can cause symptoms such as sneezing, coughing, or itchy and watery eyes. In more severe cases, extended inhalation may lead to nausea and dizziness. The triggering scents can vary from person to person, and the severity of symptoms will depend on the length of exposure and the strength of the scent. It is worth noting that fragrances can also trigger allergic responses or asthma attacks, although the reason for this is not yet clear.

Secondly, cologne and perfume often contain alcohol, which can be dangerous for children. Alcohol causes similar effects in children as it does in adults, such as drowsiness and inebriation, but it can also lower their blood sugar to dangerously low levels. This can lead to slurred speech, depressed breathing, loss of coordination, unconsciousness, or even seizures.

Finally, according to the American Academy of Dermatology, fragrance products are the leading cause of cosmetic-related contact dermatitis. If a skin reaction occurs, it is recommended to wash the affected area with soap and water and discontinue use of the product. If irritation persists, a topical steroid cream can be applied.

Headaches and dizziness

While cologne can be used on children, it is important to be aware of the potential side effects. One of the most common side effects of cologne and other perfumes is headaches and dizziness.

Perfumes and colognes are made up of dozens of compounds or synthetic volatile chemicals that create an odour. These chemicals can sometimes irritate the sinuses, with the most common offenders being smoke, perfume, and chlorine. When these chemicals irritate the sinuses, the body produces more mucus to trap and clear the particles, resulting in allergy-like symptoms and inflammation that can lead to headaches.

In addition, fragrance compounds can cross the blood-brain barrier and interact directly with receptors in the central nervous system, causing immediate changes in body functions such as blood pressure, brain activity, and pulse rate. This can also trigger a fight or flight stress response, which includes physical changes such as tension around the head and neck area, leading to headaches.

The sense of smell is also closely linked to memory and emotions. Therefore, certain scents may trigger negative emotions and memories, causing a stress response that can lead to headaches. This response may be triggered by scents that an individual is not consciously aware of.

Furthermore, some individuals may experience fragrance sensitivity, which can lead to various health effects such as neurological problems, breathing difficulties, skin issues, cognitive problems, gastrointestinal symptoms, and cardiovascular issues. According to a 2019 international study, about one-third of adults in the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Sweden reported fragrance sensitivity.

To manage headaches and dizziness caused by cologne or perfume, it is recommended to avoid known triggers, get fresh air, and take painkillers if needed.

Behavioural issues

In some cases, fragrances can cause behavioural issues in children. They can make them feel overstimulated or agitated, leading to difficulty concentrating or even behavioural outbursts. This is why it is advised that parents have full control over their child's perfume usage.

Overuse of fragrances can lead to headaches, dizziness, and nausea. This is especially true if a child is sensitive to strong scents or has been exposed to a high concentration of fragrance.

To avoid behavioural issues, parents should choose mild, natural fragrances for their children that are less likely to cause skin irritation or allergic reactions. They should also teach their children to use fragrances in moderation and avoid overuse. If a child experiences any adverse reactions to fragrances, parents should stop using the fragrance and seek medical attention if necessary.

It is important to note that fragrances should not be used as a substitute for addressing underlying self-esteem issues. While a pleasant scent can boost a child's confidence and self-assurance, it should not be relied upon as the sole means of improving their mental health. If a child is suffering from mental health issues, professional help should be sought.

Frequently asked questions