Seamus Hammond
Incense has been used for thousands of years, from the Han dynasty in China to the Buddhist monks of the Silk Road, and is still widely used today. The process of making incense sticks involves mixing powdered ingredients with a binder, such as gum or wood, to hold the incense together in the desired shape. Makko, a specific type of incense powder, is commonly used as a binder due to its water-soluble adhesive properties and ability to burn smoothly and evenly without affecting the scent of the incense. The amount of Makko used can vary depending on the other ingredients, but typically ranges from 10% to 50% of the mixture. Once the ingredients are mixed with water and kneaded into a uniform paste, they can be extruded into sticks or formed into cones and allowed to dry. The drying process can take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks, depending on various factors such as climate and humidity.
How to make incense sticks with makko powder
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Makko powder | A specific incense powder called Tabu no ki, made from the bark of the Machillus Thunbergii tree that grows in Southeast Asia |
| Makko grades | Four, with higher grades having less aroma than lower ones |
| Makko properties | Water-soluble, adhesive, almost odourless, smooth and even burning |
| Makko ratio | 10-50% of the mixture, depending on the other ingredients and desired consistency |
| Other ingredients | Dried and powdered aromatics, essential oils, decoctions, hydrosols, and other extracts |
| Binder | Gum or wood; water must be added to activate the binder |
| Binder ratio | 1/8 teaspoon of binder for every 2 tablespoons of material |
| Mixing | Ingredients should be in powdered form and mixed with warm water to form a uniform paste called "Tama" |
| Shaping | The paste is extruded into sticks or rolled into cones; sticks are packed tight and straight to dry |
| Drying | 2-7 days in summer, 10 days in winter; up to 4 weeks depending on climate and humidity |
| Burning | Burn on charcoal, mica over charcoal, or directly on makko |
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What You'll Learn
Choosing the right wood
Firstly, it is important to understand that "makko" is a term used to refer to a specific type of incense powder called "Tabu-No-Ki", which is derived from the bark of the Machillus Thunbergii tree, native to Southeast Asia. This powder serves as a binder, providing structure and combustion properties to your incense sticks. When choosing a wood, look for one that complements the aroma of Tabu-No-Ki or select a wood with a subtle scent that won't overpower your other ingredients.
Sandalwood is a common choice for incense makers as it serves as a wonderful base aroma and a burning agent. It is important to note that the grade of the wood can impact its aroma. Higher-grade woods tend to have a more subtle scent, while lower-grade woods have a stronger fragrance. Additionally, some woods, like sandalwood, can lose their aroma or have it altered when heated, so proper processing is crucial to preserving their scent.
Another factor to consider is the form of your wood. For incense sticks, you'll need to powder your wood finely. The fineness of the powder will impact the amount of makko powder required, as a coarser powder will need more makko to bind properly. You may also choose to use raw wood, but this will impact the final product's aroma and combustion.
Lastly, when selecting a wood, consider any additional ingredients you plan to use. Resins like frankincense, for example, can be difficult to burn and may require a higher percentage of burning agents like sandalwood or makko. Essential oils and other liquid ingredients can also be added, but keep in mind that these will require the addition of water to activate the binder.
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Mixing the ingredients
Firstly, it is important to select the aromatics that will create the desired fragrance for your incense sticks. Aromatic botanicals such as agarwood, sandalwood, frankincense, and cloves are popular choices, as are dried and powdered aromatics, essential oils, decoctions, hydrosols, and other extracts. These ingredients should be carefully measured and combined in a mixing bowl. It is worth noting that the aromatics should be finely ground to ensure proper combustion and a smooth burn.
Next, the makko powder is added to the mixture. Makko, also known as "incense powder," acts as a binding agent and aids in the proper burning of the incense sticks. The amount of makko powder added can vary depending on the other ingredients. A common ratio is 50% makko powder and 50% aromatic material, but this can be adjusted based on the consistency of the mixture and the desired fragrance strength. For example, if using a finely powdered wood, you may need less makko powder, whereas a coarser grind may require more makko for proper binding.
After the makko powder has been added, a binder is introduced to the mixture. There are two main types of binders: gum binders and wood binders. Gum binders, such as guar gum or xanthan gum, are more potent and only require a small amount, typically 1/8 teaspoon per 2 tablespoons of material. Wood binders, such as joss powder or "tabu no ki" (sometimes called makko), are easier to work with and act as a base material. However, they usually need to be added in larger quantities, with some recipes calling for up to 75% wood binder.
Finally, water is added to activate the binder and form a uniform paste. Warm water is recommended, and it should be added gradually while kneading the mixture thoroughly. This step is crucial in achieving the right consistency for shaping the incense dough into cones or sticks. The amount of water added will depend on the specific ingredients and the desired shape of the final product.
Once the ingredients are mixed and kneaded, the incense dough can be formed into the desired shape and left to dry. This completes the mixing process, and the incense sticks will be ready for use after the appropriate drying time, which can vary depending on climate and humidity.
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Shaping the incense
To shape the incense, start by mixing your desired ingredients in powdered form with Makko powder. The Makko powder acts as a binder, providing flexibility and strength to the incense mixture. The amount of Makko powder used can vary depending on the other ingredients, but a common ratio is 50% Makko powder and 50% other materials by weight or volume. If your wood powder is finely ground, you may need less Makko powder, while coarser wood powder will require more Makko for proper binding and combustion. Additionally, resins like Frankincense, which are more difficult to burn, will require a higher percentage of burning agents like Makko or sandalwood.
Once the dry ingredients are mixed, add a small amount of warm water to activate the binder and form a dough-like consistency. Knead the incense dough thoroughly until it becomes a uniform paste, adding water gradually as needed. This paste is called "Tama" in Japanese incense-making.
Next, you can shape the Tama into cones or sticks. If you are making sticks, you can use a clay extruder to help shape the incense mixture into thin strips. Alternatively, you can roll the dough flat and cut it into thin strips by hand. For cones, simply form the Tama into the desired cone shape.
After shaping the incense, it's important to let it dry slowly. The drying time can vary depending on the climate and humidity, typically taking longer in the winter than in the summer. Japanese incense makers often control the drying time, allowing about a week in the summer and ten days in the winter. During the drying process, it's essential to place the incense in a well-ventilated area and turn the incense sticks daily for even drying.
Once the incense is dry, you can enjoy your handmade creation or store it in a peaceful ritual space until you're ready to burn it. The process of shaping and drying the incense allows you to reconnect with indigenous roots, building rituals, and creating a sense of ceremony.
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Drying the incense
Firstly, prepare a flat surface where your incense can dry. You can use a cotton cloth, cardboard, a wooden board, or wax paper. Spread out your incense mixture in a thin layer on the chosen surface. It is important that the incense is not too thickly clumped together, as this may hinder even drying. You can also form the incense mixture into pea-sized balls and then spread them out to dry. This method ensures that the incense dries uniformly.
The drying environment is crucial. Store your incense mixture indoors, away from direct sunlight. Sunlight can affect the quality and aroma of the incense. The ideal drying time varies depending on the climate and humidity. In general, allow your incense to dry slowly for about a week in the summer and up to ten days in the winter. During this period, it is essential to turn the incense mixture daily to ensure proper drying.
For those seeking an even slower drying process, consider the traditional Japanese method of ageing. Place your incense mixture in a ceramic jar with a lid and let it age for an extended period, up to a year. This method allows the aromatics to permeate and blend, creating a harmonious fragrance. In Japan, this jar is sometimes buried underground for the ageing process, adding a unique twist to the incense's scent.
If you are creating incense sticks, it is important to pack them tightly and straight during the drying process. A metal or plastic screen or frame can be used to provide support and allow for free airflow. This will help the sticks dry uniformly and prevent warping. The drying time for incense sticks is generally shorter, ranging from two to seven days.
Lastly, remember that the drying time is a flexible guideline. Depending on your personal preferences and the specific ingredients used, you may find that your incense requires more or less time to dry. Always trust your senses and adjust the drying time accordingly.
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Burning the incense
Once your incense sticks are dry, you can begin the burning process. Burning incense is a ritual that has been used for thousands of years to create sacred spaces, uplift intentions, and connect with the spiritual realm. Here are some detailed instructions on how to burn your handmade incense sticks:
Choosing a Burning Vessel:
It is important to select an appropriate vessel to burn your incense sticks in. You can use a cup, bowl, saucer, or shell-shaped vessel. Traditionally, abalone shells are commonly used for this purpose. You can also use handmade incense burners made of materials like wood, metal, or pottery.
Preparing the Incense Stick:
Before lighting your incense stick, ensure that it is completely dry. Incense sticks typically take around 2-7 days to dry, but the drying time can vary depending on the climate and humidity. It is crucial to allow sufficient drying time to ensure the incense burns properly.
Lighting the Incense:
When lighting your incense stick, use a flame source such as a lighter or a match. Hold the flame to the tip of the incense stick until it ignites and begins to glow. You can also use a candle or a heat source like a hot charcoal ember to light the incense.
Ventilation and Safety:
Burning incense produces smoke, so it is important to ensure proper ventilation in the room. Open a window or door to allow fresh air to circulate and prevent the buildup of smoke. Always exercise caution when burning incense and keep flammable objects away from the open flame.
Enjoying the Aromatic Experience:
Once your incense stick is lit and burning, you can enjoy the aromatic experience. The burning incense will release its fragrance into the air, creating a pleasant and relaxing atmosphere. Place the burning incense stick on a heat-resistant surface and allow it to burn down naturally. You can also gently wave the incense stick or use a fan to circulate the fragrance more rapidly.
Extinguishing the Incense:
To extinguish the incense stick, simply blow gently on the glowing tip until the flame goes out. You can also dip the tip into a small bowl of water or sand to put it out. Ensure that the incense stick is completely extinguished and no longer glowing before disposing of it responsibly.
Burning incense sticks made with Makko powder can be a wonderful way to enhance your environment with aromatic fragrances. Remember to follow safety guidelines and always burn incense responsibly.
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Frequently asked questions
Makko powder is a specific type of incense powder called Tabu no ki, which is made from the bark of the Machillus Thunbergii tree, which grows in Southeast Asia. It has water-soluble adhesive properties, is almost odourless, and has the ability to burn smoothly and evenly.
To make incense sticks, you will need dried and powdered aromatics, such as agarwood, sandalwood, frankincense, or cloves. You will also need a binder, such as gum binders or wood binders, and water to activate the binder.
First, mix your desired ingredients in powdered form with Makko powder. Then, add some warm water and knead the mixture into a uniform paste called "Tama". Next, extrude the incense sticks by pushing the paste through a clay extruder. Finally, let the sticks dry slowly for about a week in the summer and ten days in the winter.
The ratios will depend on the specific ingredients used. The easiest formula is 50% Makko powder and 50% material. However, if your wood is finely powdered, you can use less Makko powder, and if it is coarsely ground, you will need more. Additionally, if you are using charcoal, a common ratio is 5 parts botanical powders, 4 parts Makko powder, and 1 part charcoal.
