
Incense has been used in Christian liturgy since its earliest days, continuing the Jewish tradition that came before it. In the Old Testament, God gave Moses instructions on how to build the Tabernacle, the travelling temple of God, with an altar of incense to stand beside the altar of sacrifice. Today, the use of incense in an Anglican church is a guide to how 'high' or 'low' the church is, with Anglo-Catholic churches using generous quantities of incense. Incense is used at various points in the liturgy, including the offertory, when the priest incenses the offerings, the cross, and the altar. The smoke of incense is symbolic of sanctification and purification and represents the prayers of the faithful rising to heaven.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Incense in the Old Testament | God instructed Moses to build an altar of incense in the tabernacle, and it was also offered as part of Jewish religious ceremonies. |
| Incense in Christian Liturgy | Incense is used in Christian liturgy to symbolize sanctification, purification, and the prayers of the faithful rising to heaven |
| Incense in Catholic Mass | Incense is used at various points during Catholic Mass, including the entrance procession, the beginning of Mass, the Gospel procession, the Liturgy of the Eucharist, and funeral Masses |
| Incense in Anglican Churches | The use of incense in Anglican churches varies, with some using it sparingly and others using it more frequently, especially during special occasions. |
| Incense in Eastern Orthodox Church | The Eastern Orthodox Church, as well as some Eastern Catholic and Lutheran Churches, use incense frequently during the Divine Liturgy, Vespers, Matins, and other occasional services. |
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What You'll Learn

Incense as a symbol of sanctification and purification
Incense has been used in religious contexts for millennia, with the first recorded use being in the Indus Valley Civilisation in 3600 BC. It has been used in Christian worship since antiquity, and its use is rooted in the earlier traditions of Judaism.
In the Catholic world, incense has a significant role. It is burned during Mass, at the entrance procession, at the beginning of Mass to incense the cross and the altar, and at the Gospel procession and proclamation. Incense is also used to bless and sanctify things, and the altar is incensed to prepare it for the sacrifice of the Mass and to honour it as the place of sacrifice.
The smoke of incense is a symbol of sanctification and purification. It is also symbolic of the prayers of the faithful rising to heaven. This is referenced in Psalm 141 (140), verse 2: "Let my prayer be directed as incense in thy sight: the lifting up of my hands, as the evening sacrifice". In the Revelation of John, incense symbolises the prayers of the saints in heaven, with the "golden bowl full of incense" representing "the prayers of the saints" (Revelation 5:8, cf. Revelation 8:3).
Incense is also used in purification rituals, such as the regular rite of purifying and cleansing the Ka'aba in Makkah. It is used to perfume the air and uplift the souls of pilgrims. In the Old Testament, God gave Moses instructions on how to build the Tabernacle, including an altar of incense to stand beside the altar of sacrifice. Incense was used in the ritual of cleansing and purifying the sacred space of the Tabernacle, making it a worthy place for the worship of God.
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Incense as a symbol of prayer
Incense has been used in religious contexts since ancient times, with the first recorded use in 3600 BC by the Indus Valley Civilisation in India. The practice was also adopted by the Egyptians during the Fifth Dynasty (2345-2494 BC). Since then, incense has been used in various religious contexts, including in Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Shinto shrines, and Mandaeism.
In Christianity, the use of incense is inspired by passages in the Bible, particularly the Old Testament. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to build an altar of incense that stands beside the altar of sacrifice. The priest is commanded to offer incense when he enters the tabernacle each morning and evening to tend to the perpetually burning lamps. The pillar of smoke created by the incense symbolises God's constant guiding presence, reminiscent of the column of smoke that led the Israelites through the wilderness during the day and the column of fire that guided them at night.
Incense is also mentioned in the Book of Revelation, where it symbolises the prayers of the saints in heaven. This symbolism is further reinforced in Psalm 141:2, where the psalmist compares prayers to incense, saying, "Let my prayer be set before you like incense." Similarly, in his vision of heaven, John describes the elders around the throne as "holding golden bowls full of incense, which are the prayers of God's people."
The use of incense in Christian worship, particularly in the Roman Catholic Church, Orthodox Christian churches, Lutheran Churches, and Anglican Churches, carries a rich symbolism of prayer and purification. The smoke of burning incense is interpreted as a symbol of the prayers of the faithful rising to heaven. During the Offertory of the Mass, the priest may incense the gifts placed on the altar, the cross, and the altar itself, signifying the Church's offering and prayer ascending to God.
In other religious traditions, such as Hinduism, incense is offered to God as a form of worship and is considered a symbol of prayer. In Mandaeism, incense is offered during rituals such as baptism and death masses to establish communion between humans on Earth and celestial beings in the World of Light.
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Incense as a way to bless/sanctify things
The use of incense as a way to bless or sanctify things has been a common practice in religious rituals since ancient times. Incense is believed to be a sacred tool that elevates the spiritual experience and draws people closer to the divine. Here are some specific ways in which incense is used for blessings and sanctification:
In Catholic Liturgy
In the Catholic Church, incense is used during liturgical services to bless and sanctify the altar, offerings, and the congregation. The priest incenses the altar, offerings, and the cross during Mass, symbolizing the preparation and honouring of the altar as the place of sacrifice. The Roman Missal, revised in 1969, allows the use of incense at any Mass, including during the entrance procession, the Gospel procession, and after the bread and chalice are placed on the altar. The priest blesses the incense with the Sign of the Cross before using it.
In Orthodox Christianity
Incense holds a significant role in Orthodox Christian worship, where it is seen as more than just a fragrant offering. It is used during processions, blessing the congregation, and censing icons to bestow honour upon the saints. The scent of incense is believed to elevate the worship experience, drawing believers into a deeper spiritual connection and reminding them of the sacred long after the service ends.
In Anglican Churches
Anglican churches, particularly those with Anglo-Catholic leanings, also incorporate incense into their services. Incense may be used at various points in the liturgy, including the entrance procession, the offertory, and Solemn Evensong. The number of points at which incense is used can vary among Anglican churches, reflecting their churchmanship or liturgical style.
In Jewish Tradition
In Jewish tradition, incense has a long history, dating back to the Old Testament. While its use was associated with pagan worship and forbidden by God, it still holds significance. Some Jews study the composition of ancient Temple incense for potential future use in a restored Temple. Additionally, contemporary Judaism employs aromatic spices in the Havdalah ceremony ending the Sabbath, and there is a blessing for pleasant smells.
In Eastern Religions
Incense is widely used in Eastern religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Shinto. In Buddhist and Taoist temples, thick coils of incense are hung from the ceiling or placed on stands, filling the inner spaces with fragrance. Worshippers light and burn incense sticks, waving or raising them above their heads while bowing to deities or ancestors. The incense sticks are then placed in censers located in front of the statues or plaques. In Shinto shrines, the incense sticks are placed horizontally on top of the ash.
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Incense as a way to invite pagan gods
Incense has been used for centuries as a way to connect with the divine and enhance spiritual practices. In the context of paganism, the use of incense holds a significant role in inviting pagan gods and facilitating offerings to these deities.
Historically, the use of incense was associated with polytheistic devotion to the Gods in Western cultures. The practice of burning incense was later suppressed during the persecution of pagan religions following the Christianization of the Roman Empire. Despite this, the connection between incense and pre-Christian worship persisted, and it continues to hold importance in modern pagan practices.
In paganism, the act of burning incense is believed to serve multiple purposes. Firstly, it is considered a form of spiritual offering to the gods. The fragrant smoke is thought to please the deities and is seen as a symbol of prayer and devotion. Additionally, incense is used to cleanse the space and purify the energy, creating a sacred atmosphere conducive to ritual and worship. The scent of incense also helps put individuals in the proper mindset for prayer, meditation, or communication with the divine.
The specific types of incense used can vary, and different plants and materials may be associated with particular gods or goddesses. For example, laurel is associated with Apollo, oak and olive with Zeus, and myrtle with Aphrodite. The act of burning incense dedicated to a specific deity is believed to invite their presence and create a connection between the mortal and the divine.
The use of incense in paganism is often linked to the idea of Ǽrohs, which represents the flow of energy and love between the gods and mortals. By making offerings, including burning incense, pagans believe they are inviting the gods into their lives and strengthening the Ǽrohs that binds them together.
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Incense as a way to drive away demons
The use of incense to drive away demons has been a long-standing practice in various religious traditions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. While the effectiveness of burning incense to repel demons is debated, with some sources asserting its power while others express skepticism, it remains a significant ritual for many.
In the Christian tradition, incense has been employed since antiquity by the Roman Catholic Church and some Anglican and Lutheran Churches. The practice is believed to have originated from earlier Jewish traditions during the time of the Second Temple. Incense is used in various rituals and ceremonies, such as the Divine Service, where it represents adoration, prayer, and grace. The smoke from burning incense is interpreted as a symbol of the faithful's prayers rising to heaven, connecting earth and heaven.
The Anglican Church's use of incense can vary, with some churches using it sparingly for special occasions, while others, like Anglo-Catholic churches, may use generous quantities regularly. During the Divine Service, the Book of the Gospels, the altar, the Eucharistic elements, and the clergy and congregation are incensed at different points.
In the Catholic Church, incense is used during Mass, the consecration of the altar, and other rituals. The priest incenses the altar, preparing it for the sacrifice and honoring it as the holiest location inside the church. The priest may also incense the offerings for Mass by tracing a cross over them with a thurible, a vessel for burning incense.
Additionally, in the Old Testament, God instructed Moses on building the tabernacle, which included an altar of incense. This altar stood beside the altar of sacrifice, and the priest was commanded to offer incense during his morning and evening rituals. The incense recipe, provided by God, included storax, onycha, galbanum, and pure frankincense in equal parts.
While the use of incense to drive away demons is not universally accepted, it holds symbolic significance in religious rituals, representing prayer, worship, and honor for various faiths.
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Frequently asked questions
The use of incense is symbolic of sanctification and purification. It also symbolizes the prayers of the faithful drifting up to heaven.
The priest incenses the altar because that is where the Sacrifice of the Mass takes place. The priest may also incense the Crucifix and the Paschal Candle.
The use of incense in Christian liturgy dates back to its earliest days, continuing the Jewish tradition that came before it. In the Old Testament, God instructed Moses on how to build an altar of incense.
The use of incense varies across different types of churches. Anglo-Catholic churches may use generous quantities of incense, while some middle-of-the-road Anglican churches may use it sparingly for special occasions. In Lutheran Churches, the thurible is carried by an acolyte, and its use is normative during the celebration of the Mass.











































