Fragrance And Infertility: Is There A Link?

Synthetic fragrances are known to contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that can impact fertility in both men and women. EDCs are found in many everyday products, such as plastics, pesticides, fragrances, and cosmetics. While the extent and exact outcomes of exposure are still relatively unknown, studies have shown that these chemicals can interfere with the body's hormonal system and natural hormone production, leading to reduced fertility.

Phthalates, a group of chemicals commonly found in artificial fragrances, have been linked to reproductive problems, including damage to the ovaries and interference with egg development. Other chemicals found in fragrances, such as BHT, oxynols, and parabens, may also contribute to hormonal imbalances, affecting fertility and increasing the risk of miscarriage or preterm birth.

The impact of fragrance on fertility is a growing concern, and it is important for individuals trying to conceive to be aware of the potential risks associated with exposure to certain chemicals in fragrances.

Phthalates and their impact on fertility

Phthalates are a family of high-volume industrial chemicals used in the manufacture of plastics. They are also used in personal care products, fragrances, and pharmaceuticals. Phthalates are considered endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and reproductive toxicants, particularly in males.

Impact on Male Fertility

Phthalates can interfere with male reproductive system development, specifically targeting Sertoli cells and Leydig cells. They can disrupt testicular function, leading to a decrease in sperm count and an increase in abnormal sperm development. Phthalates have also been linked to testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), which includes symptoms such as shortened anogenital distance, hypospadias, and cryptorchidism.

Impact on Female Fertility

Phthalates can influence ovarian function by inhibiting antral follicle development and decreasing the number of antral follicles. They can also disrupt oocyte growth, maturation, and ovulation. Exposure to phthalates has been associated with premature ovarian failure (POF), which includes symptoms such as amenorrhea, increased gonadotropin levels, and decreased estradiol.

General Impact on Fertility

Phthalates can alter the hormone balance in both males and females, affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and steroidogenesis. They can interfere with the regulation of the HPG axis, disrupting the levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Phthalates can also modify the release of hypothalamic, pituitary, and peripheral hormones.

Additionally, phthalates can act as hormonal agents, competing with natural hormones by binding to transport globulin. They can also influence gene expression, cell proliferation, and apoptosis within the reproductive system.

Overall, exposure to phthalates has been linked to decreased fertility and increased risk of infertility in both males and females.

Fragrance ingredients and their effects on men

The ingredients found in synthetic fragrances have been linked to infertility in a variety of ways, impacting both men and women. While the focus is often on women's fertility, it is important to recognise that these ingredients can have detrimental effects on men's fertility and sperm quality as well.

Phthalates

Phthalates are a class of chemicals used as plasticisers and in fragrances to make the scent last longer. They are known endocrine disruptors, interfering with the body's hormonal system. In men, exposure to phthalates has been linked to:

• Reduced sperm count
• Lower probability of success with IVF treatment
• Higher risk of miscarriage or preterm birth
• Endometriosis
• Thyroid disorders
• Increased risk of breast cancer

Parabens

Parabens are commonly found in cosmetic, skincare, and beauty products, including shampoo, conditioner, moisturiser, face cleanser, sunscreen, deodorant, and toothpaste. They are used as preservatives and have been linked to reproductive issues in men. Methylparaben, ethylparaben, and propylparaben are known to mimic estrogen and have been associated with breast cancer and reproductive problems.

Sulfates

Sulfates are chemicals used as cleansing agents in household cleaners and even shampoo. They can be endocrine disruptors and impact fertility.

Lead

Lead is a neurotoxin linked to behavioural problems and delays in puberty onset in girls. It has also been associated with reduced fertility in men.

Other Chemicals

Other chemicals found in fragrances and personal care products, such as BHT, oxynols, and boric acid/sodium borate, can also have detrimental effects on health and fertility.

Reducing Exposure

To reduce exposure to these harmful chemicals, it is important to read product labels and avoid anything with synthetic fragrances. Look for products that are fragrance-free or use natural fragrances derived from organic sources. Opt for glass containers for storage and heating products, and choose wooden toys for children instead of plastic ones.

How to avoid toxic fragrances

The term "fragrance" on a product label often hides a cocktail of toxic chemicals that can be harmful to your health. These chemicals are not fully disclosed on product labels, as fragrance manufacturers are not legally required to disclose their ingredients. To avoid toxic fragrances, follow these steps:

• Read labels carefully: Avoid products that list "fragrance", "parfum", or "perfume" in the ingredients. Be aware that even products labelled as "natural" or "organic" may still contain synthetic fragrances.
• Look for transparent brands: Opt for brands that list out all fragrance ingredients instead of just using the broad term "fragrance". You can also use ingredient checker apps like EWG's Healthy Living and Think Dirty to find recommendations and product ingredient breakdowns.
• Choose fragrance-free options: True fragrance-free products offer the same functionality without the health risks. Be aware that "unscented" products may still contain fragrance materials to mask unpleasant smells.
• Enhance your indoor air quality: Improve the air quality in your home with houseplants, natural ventilation, or air purifiers to reduce your exposure to toxic fragrance chemicals.
• Be wary of greenwashing: Terms like "clean", "green", "natural", "botanical", and "plant-based" are not legally defined or enforced by regulatory bodies like the FDA. Look for companies that value honesty and transparency, such as certified B-Corporations.
• Prioritize progress over perfection: Start by slowly swapping out your favourite products one at a time. Every step towards reducing your exposure to toxic chemicals is a step in the right direction.

Fragrance-free alternatives

Fragrances, including perfumes, contain chemicals known as EDCs (Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals) that can impact fertility in both men and women. EDCs interfere with the body's hormonal system and are found in many everyday products such as plastics, pesticides, fragrances, and cosmetics.

To avoid exposure to these chemicals, you can opt for fragrance-free alternatives. Here are some suggestions:

For the Home

• Open windows or turn on fans to let in fresh air and reduce indoor air pollutants.
• Put an open box of baking soda in the fridge to absorb odours.
• Regularly swish your toilet with a brush to prevent toilet rings and reduce odours.
• Sprinkle baking soda or coffee grounds in your trash can to mask unpleasant smells.
• Grind up half a lemon in your sink garbage disposal for a fresh citrus scent.
• Place a bouquet of fresh or dried flowers in your home for a natural floral fragrance.
• Simmer spices like cinnamon or vanilla, or fruits like lemon or apple, in a pot of boiling water to infuse your home with a pleasant aroma.

For Personal Care

• Choose unscented or fragrance-free products, such as deodorant, soap, laundry detergent, and dryer sheets.
• Opt for natural fragrances derived from organic or plant-based sources.
• Look for products with a certification such as Ecocert, which does not permit the use of synthetic fragrance.
• Use essential oils and plant extracts. However, be cautious as some people can be highly sensitive to essential oils. Always dilute them before use and opt for "sustainably harvested" options.
• Choose products from companies that value transparency and honesty, such as certified B-Corporations.
• Utilise apps like EWG's Healthy Living and Think Dirty to find recommendations and product ingredient breakdowns.
• Shop at stores that prioritise clean and safe products, such as Natural Grocers or Target, which marks clean products with a green stamp.

For Perfume

• Opt for natural perfumes that use essential oils and plant-based ingredients.
• Sample different natural perfumes to find alternatives to your favourite fragrances.
• Choose perfumes from brands that focus on sustainability and transparency, such as ALT. Fragrances.

The link between fragrance and endometriosis

Endometriosis is a debilitating condition that affects 1.5 million people in the UK alone. It is characterised by the growth of tissue similar to the uterus lining outside the uterus, causing chronic pain, infertility, and other symptoms. While the exact cause of endometriosis is unclear, research suggests that exposure to certain chemicals, particularly those found in traditional fragrance ingredients, may worsen symptoms and contribute to the development of the condition.

Phthalates, a group of chemicals commonly used in the fragrance industry to prolong the scent of products, have been linked to hormone disruption and reproductive health issues. Studies show that individuals with higher levels of phthalate exposure may have an increased risk of developing endometriosis and experiencing fertility issues. Phthalates are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that interfere with the body's hormonal system, impacting both male and female fertility. They are also toxic to the ovaries and impact fertility by damaging follicles in their development into eggs.

Parabens, another common preservative in fragrances, have also raised concerns due to their potential hormone-mimicking effects. Parabens have been found to mimic estrogen and testosterone in the body, interfering with natural hormone release. This interference may contribute to the hormonal imbalances associated with endometriosis.

Other chemicals found in fragrances, such as BHT, oxynols, and parabens, can also cause inflammation, leading to an increased risk of hormone imbalance, diabetes, birth defects, preeclampsia, and low birth weight.

The link between fragrance chemicals and endometriosis underscores the importance of seeking out non-toxic fragrance alternatives. Some companies, like Medeau Fragrances, are committed to offering safe and sustainable options by formulating fragrances without parabens, phthalates, artificial dyes, allergens, or other known endocrine disruptors.

To reduce exposure to potentially harmful chemicals found in fragrances, individuals can opt for natural fragrances derived from organic sources or choose products with certifications like Ecocert, which does not permit the use of synthetic fragrances. Additionally, reviewing the ingredients of skincare, cosmetics, and other beauty products, and reducing the use of products with added fragrances can also help minimise the risk of exposure to these chemicals.

Frequently asked questions