Fragrance Candles: Are They Safe To Use?

Scented candles are a popular way to add ambience to a space, but are they safe? There are concerns that they may release harmful chemicals, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter, which can cause unpleasant physical symptoms like headaches, coughing, and respiratory issues. While there is limited research on the potential health effects of candle emissions, some studies suggest that burning candles, especially those made from paraffin wax, can contribute to poor air quality and increase exposure to chemicals like benzene and formaldehyde, which may be carcinogenic. However, other studies indicate that the levels of these chemicals released during typical candle use are well below the thresholds for harmful health effects.

So, what's the verdict? While there is conflicting evidence, experts generally agree that occasional candle burning in a well-ventilated area is unlikely to pose significant health risks. However, certain individuals, such as those with respiratory conditions or allergies, may be more vulnerable to any potential negative effects.

The dangers of paraffin wax

Paraffin wax is a byproduct of petroleum refining, and it is the most used candle wax worldwide. When paraffin candles are burned, they release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air, including substances like toluene and benzene, which are known to be harmful.

Toluene is a colourless, water-insoluble liquid that occurs naturally in crude oil. It is emitted from sources such as vehicle exhausts and cigarette smoke. According to The Department of California's Hazard Communication Standard/OSHA regulation, toluene can cause damage to the central nervous system, resulting in headaches, nausea, dizziness, and insomnia. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also reports that even mild exposure to toluene can cause frequent headaches, nausea, and fatigue.

Benzene is a known carcinogen, with long-term exposure linked to blood disorders such as leukemia. When inhaled, benzene can also irritate the respiratory system. Benzene has also been shown to cause chromosome changes in bone marrow cells in lab settings.

In addition to releasing these harmful chemicals, paraffin candles emit polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which contain formaldehyde, another known carcinogen. Formaldehyde has been linked to developmental issues in children, fertility challenges in adults, and an increased risk of certain cancers.

While the health risks of paraffin wax candles are clear, it is important to note that the risks may depend on various factors, including the type and quality of the candle, the frequency and duration of burning, airflow in the space, and individual health status.

The health effects of VOCs

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are gases that easily and quickly vaporize into the air at room temperature. They are commonly emitted from paints, cleaning products, cosmetics, air fresheners, car exhaust, and fuel-burning appliances. Some VOCs are harmful on their own, while others can react with other gases to form pollutants once in the air.

The health risks associated with VOCs from candles include:

Respiratory Issues

Inhaling VOCs can irritate the respiratory tract and worsen conditions like asthma and allergies. VOCs can also cause shortness of breath and coughing.

Headaches and Dizziness

Exposure to certain VOCs, such as toluene and benzene, can cause headaches, dizziness, and nausea.

Long-Term Health Effects

Prolonged exposure to some VOCs, like formaldehyde, has been linked to more serious health problems, including cancer. Formaldehyde, benzene, and acetaldehyde are all known carcinogens.

Indoor Air Pollution

Candles, especially those made from paraffin wax, can release soot and particulates, contributing to indoor air pollution. Particulate matter is a mixture of extremely small liquid droplets and particles that can enter your lungs. There is concern that extended exposure to particulate matter can lead to heart and lung problems.

While there is evidence to suggest that burning candles may be harmful to health, some experts argue that the dose of VOCs received from typical candle use is far below what is considered harmful. According to a 2014 peer-reviewed study, the highest levels of potentially cancer-causing chemicals produced by burning a scented paraffin candle for four hours were less than half as high as the indoor air-quality limits set by the World Health Organization.

However, it is important to note that there are limited studies on the potential health effects of burning scented candles, and the few that exist have been conducted by researchers affiliated with the candle industry.

The risks of artificial fragrances

Artificial fragrances in candles are a cause for concern due to the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phthalates. VOCs are gases that vaporize quickly at room temperature, and they are known to have negative health effects. For example, toluene, a neurotoxin found in crude oil, can cause dizziness and headaches with prolonged exposure. Benzene, another VOC, is a known carcinogen linked to blood disorders and respiratory irritation. Formaldehyde, also released by scented candles, is yet another VOC and known carcinogen.

The risks associated with artificial fragrances are further compounded by the fact that candles are often made from paraffin wax, a byproduct of petroleum refining. When burned, paraffin wax releases VOCs, including toluene and benzene, which can have harmful effects on health. In addition to the risks posed by the fragrances and wax, candle wicks can also be a source of concern. While lead wicks have been banned in some countries, older candles or those imported from countries without such regulations may still contain toxic metals.

The frequent use of artificial fragrances in candles exposes individuals to continuous risk, especially children who are more prone to dust contact due to their activities and behaviors. Prolonged exposure to these chemicals can lead to developmental issues in children, fertility challenges in adults, and an increased risk of certain cancers.

To minimize the potential health risks of artificial fragrances, it is recommended to opt for candles made from natural materials such as beeswax or soy wax and scented with essential oils rather than synthetic perfumes. Burning candles in a well-ventilated area or using an air purifier can also help reduce the concentration of harmful chemicals in the air.

The safety of candle wicks

To reduce the risk of harmful chemicals, choose candles with wicks made from pure cotton, wood, or synthetic materials that are free from metal cores. These types of wicks are safer and will help to minimise the release of pollutants into your home. It is also important to ensure that the wick is trimmed to the recommended length, as a longer wick can produce more smoke and increase the amount of pollutants released.

In addition to the type of wick, the type of wax used in fragrance candles can also impact safety. Paraffin wax, which is derived from petroleum, releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pollutants when burned. These compounds can include known carcinogens such as benzene and formaldehyde. As such, it is recommended to opt for candles made from natural waxes such as beeswax, soy, or coconut, as these have been found to produce fewer smoke particles and less soot, making them a safer alternative.

Proper ventilation is also crucial when burning fragrance candles. Burning candles in a well-ventilated area and keeping the room spacious can help reduce the concentration of indoor pollutants. Additionally, keeping candles away from drafts can minimise the amount of smoke produced. Following these simple precautions can help ensure a safer and more enjoyable experience when using fragrance candles.

The impact on indoor air quality

Burning candles can release a complex mix of chemicals and particulate matter, including toxic gases like carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. This can negatively impact indoor air quality.

The extent of the impact depends on the type of candle, the type of wick, and the amount of ventilation in the room. For example, paraffin wax candles have generally been found to emit more pollutants than natural wax candles. Candles with lead or metal wicks should be avoided, as these can be harmful.

Scented candles have a greater impact on air quality than unscented candles, as they typically contain more volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the overall effects of both scented and unscented candles are considered small under normal conditions.

Burning candles in a well-ventilated space can help to minimise the negative impact on indoor air quality. It is also recommended to keep candle wicks trimmed to 1/4 inch to promote cleaner burning.

The use of candles can be particularly problematic for people with asthma or allergies, as it can trigger symptoms. In addition, the soot produced by candles can irritate the respiratory tract and discolour walls and ceilings.

While candles can impact indoor air quality, the effects are generally considered small when burned in moderation and in well-ventilated spaces.

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