Fragrance Oils: Are They All Harmful To Health?

Fragrance oils are commonly used in candles, soaps, shampoos, detergents, and other household products to make them smell appealing. While they are generally assumed to be safe, certain fragrance oils can be harmful to human health and the environment. The primary concern lies in the lack of transparency regarding the ingredients used in fragrance oils, often listed simply as fragrance on product labels. This is because fragrance formulas are considered trade secrets, and manufacturers are not required to disclose their specific chemical compositions. However, it is important to note that not all fragrance oils are dangerous.

Fragrance oils can contain various chemicals, including phthalates, aldehydes, benzene derivatives, and toluene, which have been linked to a range of health issues. Phthalates, for example, are endocrine disruptors that can cause reproductive and developmental toxicity, birth defects, respiratory problems, and even cancer. Toluene exposure can lead to mild headaches, dizziness, and in more severe cases, irregular heartbeat, fainting, or death. These chemicals are also associated with environmental risks, contributing to ozone pollution and the creation of fine particulates.

It's worth noting that essential oils, which are derived directly from natural sources like flowers, fruits, and plant parts, offer a safer alternative to synthetic fragrance oils. However, even essential oils can be toxic in large quantities, and some naturally occurring compounds may still pose health risks. Overall, while not all fragrance oils are dangerous, it is crucial to be aware of the potential risks associated with certain chemicals commonly used in fragrances and to opt for products with greater transparency in their ingredient listings.

Fragrance oils are not always dangerous

When used as directed, fragrance oils are safe to work with and enjoy. However, it is always a good idea to keep the following safety tips in mind:

• Work in a well-ventilated area with plenty of fresh air flowing.
• Use protective equipment like eye goggles and gloves.
• Containers or jars used to weigh or hold fragrance oil should not be reused for food prep.
• Clean up spills immediately, as they may cause damage to surfaces.

Additionally, it is worth noting that fragrance oils are not regulated by an external body, and manufacturers are not required to list their ingredients on product labels. This means that it is up to the consumer to do their own research and make informed decisions about the products they use.

When evaluating whether a fragrance oil is safe, it is important to look at the toxicological information for potentially harmful chemicals in the fragrance. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) outline any potential health hazards for the chemicals and other ingredients found in fragrances, including information on whether the formula poses health hazards such as oral toxicity, dermal toxicity, inhalation toxicity, eye damage, skin irritation, skin sensitization, respiratory sensitization, germ cell mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, or aspiration hazards, among others.

It is also important to keep in mind that prolonged exposure to anything can be dangerous to your health. Therefore, it is always best to be cautious of products that make unsubstantiated claims about being clean, natural, or toxin-free, and instead, read the SDS and follow the safety procedures outlined therein.

The dangers of phthalates

Phthalates are a class of chemicals with endocrine-disrupting properties. They are associated with a range of health issues, including an increased risk of cancer, asthma, allergies, and learning, attention, and behavioural difficulties in children. They are found in many consumer products, including paint, plastics, undisclosed fragrances, and personal care products such as nail polish.

Phthalates can disrupt the hormone system by increasing the production of some hormones, decreasing the production of others, and interfering with hormone signalling, which can cause health problems. Some of the health issues associated with phthalates include changes to fertility, early puberty, and the risk of low birth weight, obesity, diabetes, impacts to the immune system, cardiovascular and respiratory problems, some cancers, and neurological and behavioural problems.

Children, infants, and the growing foetus are especially vulnerable to the effects of phthalates, as they are still developing. A 2021 study showed a potential link between childhood exposure to phthalates and an increased risk of bone cancer. Another study in the same year linked prenatal exposure to phthalates to learning, attention, and behavioural disorders in children.

Phthalates are used as plasticizers for a wide range of consumer and industrial purposes, including cosmetics, personal care products, building materials, food packaging, and they can even contaminate food.

• Choose products carefully or limit your use of them. For example, dibutyl phthalate is often added to nail polish to make it chip-resistant.
• Avoid undisclosed fragrances. Diethyl phthalate is sometimes used as part of the "fragrance" in some products.
• Avoid microwaving or storing food in plastic containers, as phthalates are more likely to leach out of plastic when heated.
• Avoid giving children vinyl toys, as some phthalates are used to make PVC toys soft.
• Be cautious when using craft paints, as they may contain phthalates as solvents.
• Choose a non-vinyl shower curtain, as vinyl is used in many consumer products and can be a source of phthalate exposure.
• Avoid air fresheners, as they often contain phthalates.

While fragrance oils are generally safe when used as directed, some may contain phthalates, which are considered potentially toxic or hazardous in large quantities. It is important to note that fragrance oils without a "Clean Scent" designation are not unsafe or dangerous to use, as the potentially harmful ingredients do not pose a risk at the concentrations used.

The dangers of synthetic fragrances

Synthetic fragrances are linked to a wide range of health risks. They are classified as allergens, hormone disruptors, asthma triggers, neurotoxins, and carcinogens.

Endocrine disruption

Fragrances commonly contain phthalates, which help scents last longer. Phthalates are endocrine disruptors, acting like hormones in the human body and causing a host of health problems. These include cancer, reproductive and developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, birth defects, respiratory problems, genital malformations, and lower sperm counts in men.

Respiratory issues

Synthetic fragrances can cause respiratory issues such as asthma attacks, breathing difficulties, coughing, and shortness of breath.

Carcinogenic effects

Synthetic fragrances have been linked to cancer, with one study finding that they were responsible for up to 107,000 premature deaths annually among adults aged 55-64.

Neurological problems

Exposure to synthetic fragrances can lead to neurological issues such as headaches, depression, migraines, insomnia, dizziness, seizures, and loss of coordination.

Allergic reactions

Synthetic fragrances are classified as allergens and can cause allergic reactions such as contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, photosensitivity, and respiratory disorders.

Environmental impact

The chemical vapors found in synthetic fragrances, known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have been linked to ozone pollution and the creation of fine particulates.

Lack of transparency and regulation

The fragrance industry is self-regulated, meaning safety testing does not need to be confirmed by external regulators before products are sold. Manufacturers are not required to list fragrance ingredients on product labels, often hiding a cocktail of toxic ingredients under the single word "fragrance". This makes it difficult for consumers to make informed choices and avoid potential health risks.

"Natural" fragrances

It's important to note that so-called "natural" or "clean" fragrances can be just as toxic as synthetic ones. Even essential oils can be harmful in large enough quantities. The term "natural" is highly problematic as it is vague and has no standard criteria or regulatory definition.

To minimize the risks associated with synthetic fragrances, it is advisable to choose fragrance-free products or carefully read labels and look for products that are transparent about their ingredients. Regulatory initiatives like Proposition 65 in California, which requires warnings for chemicals linked to cancer, birth defects, or reproductive harm, can also help consumers make informed choices.

The benefits of essential oils

While fragrance oils are generally safe to use, some may contain potentially toxic or hazardous ingredients. It is important to exercise caution and follow safety guidelines when handling and using these products.

On the other hand, essential oils, which are concentrated plant extracts, offer a plethora of benefits when used safely and as directed. Here are some of the advantages of using essential oils:

• Stress relief and anxiety reduction: Essential oils such as orange oil have been found to reduce anxiety in scientific studies. Aromatherapy, which involves inhaling essential oils, can help manage stress and promote relaxation.
• Antimicrobial and antifungal properties: Tea tree oil, for example, has been used to treat athlete's foot, oral thrush, and fungal infections. Its antimicrobial qualities have been supported by early studies, although further research is needed.
• Improved sleep quality: The scent of lavender oil is believed to have a calming effect, aiding in better sleep. In one study, older adults with dementia experienced longer sleep durations when exposed to lavender oil.
• Antioxidant properties: Essential oils contain antioxidants, which help prevent cell damage caused by free radicals. This, in turn, may reduce the risk of serious diseases, including cancer.
• Therapeutic benefits: Aromatherapy has been practised for centuries, leveraging the scent molecules in essential oils, which directly impact the brain's emotional centre.
• Natural remedies: Essential oils are often touted as natural remedies for various ailments. For instance, peppermint oil may help alleviate irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms when ingested in enteric-coated capsules and can soothe tension headaches when applied topically.
• Mood-boosting qualities: Certain essential oils, like lemon oil, are known for their uplifting citrusy scent, which can enhance your mood and create a pleasant atmosphere.

While essential oils offer numerous benefits, it is crucial to use them safely and follow manufacturer guidelines. They should be diluted and stored properly, and one must consult a doctor before use if pregnant or experiencing any health conditions.

How to avoid harmful fragrance oils

Fragrance oils are linked to a range of health risks, including allergies, hormone disruption, asthma, neurotoxicity, and cancer. The term "fragrance" on a product label can hide a cocktail of over 100 toxic ingredients, including phthalates, which are endocrine disruptors.

• Be cautious of products that make unsubstantiated claims about being clean, natural, or toxin-free. Buzzwords like "all-natural", "clean", or "toxin-free" are vague and open to interpretation.
• Read the ingredient list carefully. Sometimes, manufacturers use masking fragrances to cover the chemical smell of their products, even if they are labelled as "fragrance-free" or "unscented".
• Choose products that are transparent about their ingredients and provide Safety Data Sheets (SDS). SDS sheets outline any potential health and environmental hazards associated with the chemicals in the product.
• Opt for essential oils instead of fragrance oils. Essential oils are derived directly from nature and do not have the same toxic properties as synthetic fragrance oils.
• Look for products that are certified by third-party organizations, such as MADE SAFE, for their non-toxicity and safety.
• When in doubt, choose fragrance-free products. The safest choice is to avoid fragrances altogether, as even "natural" fragrances can be just as toxic as synthetic ones.

Frequently asked questions